校本課程中英文互譯
A. 通用技術 勞技 校本課程 學分怎麼翻譯啊
通用技術
general technology
勞動技能
labor skills
校本課程;以學校為本位的課程
school-based curriculum
學分
credit
B. 求一篇英語演講稿~希望中英文的哈~主題隨便~實用為先~課堂用!
Objectively Speaking
People in this world can be divided into two categories: those always working and those always making comments. The working ones never have time to idle away. Some may run a hotel, or do some business; some may open a factory or set up a school; others may be absorbed in scientific research, or devoted to military affairs or political issues. Right or wrong, successful or failed, they are always fully committed to their careers. Facing all kinds of risks(not because they neglect them, but mainly because they have the courage), and shouldering the responsibilities, they march forward, bravely and cautiously. They are risking their luck and their lives as well. They have neither time nor energy to comment on others. While attentively planning the future, they devote themselves wholly in hard work, leaving the embroidered stories and malicious gossips flying in the air. The commenting ones, however, usually work less, and even if they want to work sometimes, they simply are not capable enough. They are no better than anyone, but show admiration to nobody either. They blame either the heaven, or the earth, but never themselves. They dare not to take any risks, but they are also afraid of any hard work. They are gossip-mongers, making stories and spreading rumors, making you feel annoyed and upset. It's not because that you have hurt them, or disturbed them, or hindered them, but because you are working. If only you are working, he is there commenting. Everything is hard at the beginning. You have just started a new cause, needing encouragement and support, yet he is there pouring a jar of cold water or blowing a gust of chilly wind, making you worried or perplexed. But once you have succeeded, he is there again sharing your success without feeling a little ashamed of the discouragement he had given you.
Many people don't like using their mind but enjoy echoing the views of others. They often take it for granted that the working ones are wrong while the commenting ones are definitely right. However in all fairness, how can it be true? Not working itself is already wrong, and it is a blunder to hurt the hard working people.
From ancient time to the present, many great men have been commented on endlessly. Take the cases of Confucius, Emperor Qinshihuang, Empress Wu Zetian, Gengis Khan, Dr. Sun Yet-sun, Chairman Mao, Deng Xiaoping, etc.. Both positive and negative criticism have been made about them. They not only enjoyed compliments but also suffered slanders from all over the world.
When commenting on what's right and what's wrong, the commenting ones themselves don't really know what is wrong and what is right. They are simply demanding perfection. When criticizing the others' inability, they themselves are actually unable to do anything, but simply pretending that they know better. This can well be compared with the actors and spectators. A new program is always followed by large amounts of criticism from the spectators. But if a spectator is given a chance to perform, a disaster will surely happen. Diners are always commenting on the skills of the chefs while readers are always criticizing the writers. Another case in point is the forty-chapter sequel of A Dream of the Red Mansions , which were written by Gao E who did a nearly perfect job. Nevertheless there are always such people who claim to be the experts on the novel, criticizing the latter forty chapters as a wretched sequel to a fine work. What if we ask them to write the sequel? I'm afraid they can only make it worse. It's easier said than done.
Capable and wealthy people are always the focus of the society.
Capable people are usually marching ahead of others and may not be properly understood, hence causing various kinds of comments, more criticism but less support;
Capable people can easily succeed, thus causing both admiration and comments, more jealousy but less appreciation (only their good luck is recognized);
Capable people can be sought for help and attract the attention of the society, thus causing a lot of comments, more complaints but less gratitude (even though they didn't ask anyone for help, if only they were not able to help others in a satisfactory way, it's already their fault);
Capable people can also suffer setbacks (some even experience ups and downs many times), experiencing fully the warmth and coldness of the human world, more hurts but less helps.
Wealthy people are non the easier. No doubt there are cruel-hearted rich men, but it is also wrong to think that no wealthy people are kind-hearted. They are capable of devising and managing and they often need to take risks to get the chance. But who care about these?
Whenever a group are dining or entertaining, everyone will take it for granted that the rich should pay the bill instead of going Dutch. If the rich doesn't pay, then he'll definitely be regarded as a miser;
Among good friends and relatives, the rich should often help the poor, otherwise he will surely be blamed for his cruel-heartedness;
From the ancient times, people have been used to killing the rich to save the poor, without thinking about how the rich became rich and the poor stayed poor. The policy of 「allowing some people to get rich」 has balanced people's mind to some extent, but there is still a long way to go before we can get rid of 「the hatred toward the wealthy」.
Capable people or rich people are just human, neither sages nor perfect men. They have their own faults, and they may also commit mistakes. But objectively speaking, some mistakes are forced on them, which are the expectations of the public. They are expected to do this or that, but when expectations become disappointments, they have to take the blaming. In fact, it's the public's fault to demand for perfection or counting on unrealistic expectations of the rich.
I encourage people to work, even though they may commit mistakes.
I advise those enjoying commenting to make some effort to do something for the others.
I hope people can make comments objectively instead of subjectively, without going to extremes, and not out of preference.
I also hope that the hard-working people do not care too much about what the others say, even what the others criticize. You should believe that public opinions will finally decide what's right and what's wrong. What we need is just time.
平心而論
世界上總有一些人在做事,總有一些人在說事。做事的人不閑著,或者包個飯店,或者搞個買賣,或者辦個工廠,或者建個學校,或者專心科研,或者從軍從政。也許對,也許錯;也許成功,也許失敗,但很投入。他們擔著天下的風險(並非都是忽略,大多還是敢於面對),扛著雙肩的責任,奮然前行,又戰戰兢兢,常常是在賭運、也賭命。他們沒有時間去說別人的事,也沒有精力去理會別人的事。他們抬頭看路,埋頭做事,任由別人的飛短流長。
說事的人,常常是不大做事。或者也曾經想做事,但做不來。他們可能誰都不如,但又誰都不服。怨天怨地,不怨自己。他們不敢擔任何的風險,又不肯出少許的力氣。一件事,他們能從頭說到尾。先是烏鴉叫,後來喜鵲噪,一會一變臉,令你心煩鬧。
並不是你傷害了他,並不是你干擾了他,並不是你阻礙了他。但只要你在做事,他就會來說事。萬事開頭難。當你剛剛起步,正需要鼓勵與支持的時候,他會一盆涼水,一股陰風,讓你渾身不舒服。而一旦你業有所成,他又會滿面春風地來分一瓢羹,好象不曾給過你那片下雨的烏雲。
世上有許多人不喜歡動腦,卻習慣於人雲亦雲。他們常以為錯在做事的人,理在說事的人。但平心而論,怎麼會這樣呢?不做事,本身就是錯。再打擊做事的人,不是錯上加錯嘛!
從古至今,許多能人,偉人,都被無休無止地評論著。如孔夫子、秦始皇、武則天、成吉思汗、孫中山、毛澤東、鄧小平等,說是的有,說非的也有。也堪稱譽滿天下,謗滿天下。
說人是非,並非明白是非,不過是求全責備而已。說人不行,未必自己真行,不過裝腔作勢而已。就如演員與觀眾,每個節目出來,都會有一大堆褒貶。但真讓觀眾上台,可能又演不成了。食客總是在評論廚師的手藝,讀者總是在評論作者的長短。再如《紅樓夢》的後四十回,乃高鄂所續寫。公平地說,幾近天衣無縫。但就有那麼些人,甚至打著紅學家的招牌,一定要說後四十回怎麼不行,怎麼狗尾續貂。真不行嗎?就讓這幾位「紅學家」寫寫看,他們恐怕連鼠尾都拿不出來。侃山容易,搬山難啊。
能人、富人,永遠都是社會的焦點。
能人可能超前,為世人所不理解,會引起議論紛紛,支持的少,攻擊的多。
能人可能成功,引起世人的羨慕,也會引起眾多評論,佩服的少,嫉妒的多。(只承認你的運氣和僥幸)
能人可能被求助,受到世人的關注,從而導致事後的品評,感謝的少,抱怨的多。(你沒有求人,但別人求你的事沒辦或沒辦好,都是你的錯。)
能人也會遭遇挫折,(有人甚至三起三落)感受人心的冷暖,洞知世態的炎涼,幫扶的少,推牆的多。
富人也不輕松。固然也有為富不仁者,但也不能說所有的富者都不仁。他們還有經營能力和運作手段,並且常常要充滿冒險地去把握先機。但誰管這些?
一群人吃飯或游樂,大家一定會認為要富者買單,而不是 AA 制。如果你不買,那就是吝嗇。
在親朋好友的圈子裡如果有富者,那就必須經常周濟他人,否則就會被指責無情無義。
自古就有「殺富濟貧」,不管富是怎麼富,貧是怎麼貧。允許一部分人先富起來的政策,讓人們的心態好多了。但仇富觀念的消除,還要漫長的歷程。
能人、富人都是人,既不神聖,也非完人。他們都有自身的毛病,也會犯各種錯誤。但平心而論,還有一種錯誤是別人強加的,那就是眾人的期望。期望他們這樣,期望他們那樣,期望變成了失望,就成了他們的錯。對他們求全責備也好,對他們非份希求也好,其實都不應算作他們的錯。
我主張鼓勵做事的人,哪怕他們真的有錯。
我奉勸說事的人,自己也努力去做些可做的事。
我希望人們能平心而論天下事,不要偏激,不要摻雜個人的恩怨,不要取捨於個人的得失。我更希望做事的人,不要太在意別人一時怎麼說、甚至怎麼罵。要相信,是非自有公論,只是個時間問題。
C. 」校本教材」怎麼翻譯
local teaching material
D. 哪位高人有關於小學校本課程的外文文獻 最好是中英文對照的
朋友,給你份.
E. 英語小作文怎麼填
一、分年段層層推進。
1、三年級——練說句子
語篇是由句子構成的,造句能力直接影響著寫作能力。所以,加強造句訓練顯得尤為必要。在實際教學中,我在課內外有意識地讓學生結合所學句型結構進行口頭或書面造句,經常為學生提供一個結合實際生活的情景或語境,避免注重語言形式,忽視語言內容,脫離一定的情景或語境。三年級是英語學習的起始年級。三年級教材中很多話題是關於家人的,這樣的話題比較能夠引起學生的共鳴。作為學習英語的起始年級,我們重點要保護孩子學習的興趣和信心,培養他們大膽說英語的習慣。畢竟英語不是我們的母語,要想寫些什麼,必須要知道用英語該如何表達。如在教授新版教材My family一課時,就可以訓練學生用This is 來介紹自己的家人:This is my father /mother/ brother...
2、四年級——仿寫句子
三年級到四年級是一個跨越。從單詞到句子的書寫,對於很多剛上四年級的學生來說很不適應。這是一個需要規范的年級——規范地書寫一句話:開頭大寫、單詞空格、字母占格准確、標點符號的使用。正確使用標點符號對正確表達思想十分重要,它也是寫作基本功之一。由於中英文之間的標點符號有一定的區別,學生在實際使用中經常出現一些錯誤,常見的錯誤主要集中在句號、逗號、頓號、省略號、書名號等標點符號。在英語寫作教學中我從學生的問題出發,把各種常見的標點符號的意義與使用規則對學生講解清楚。
四年級的每個單元都有要求學生掌握的四會句型。教師在教授的過程中,可以依託四會句型,讓學生進行仿寫練習。如4AUnit 4 I like...這一課的重點就是用I like來表達自己的喜好。三年級的時候學過類似的內容,但是要求不一樣。當時只要求學生能夠用這個句型進行口頭表達。在本課當中,要求學生能夠書面表達這個句型。那麼老師在教授的過程中就可以讓學生進行仿寫訓練。用這個句型表達自己的愛好,可以是食物、水果、顏色、運動、動物等,把這些句子組合在一起,就可以成為一篇小短文。
我曾經讓學生用4B教材中的There be句型來寫自己的房間。有一個學生這樣寫道:Look, this is my bedroom. There is a desk near the window.There is a bed near the desk.There is a lovely doll on my bed . There are a lot of books in the bookcase. I love my bedroom. Do you like my bedroom?這篇小短文很生動地介紹了自己的房間,而且沒有語法錯誤,句子通順。這是學生模仿課文介紹我們的教室來寫的。其中有一些並不是四會單詞,但是因為不是考試,所以我允許他們看書來寫。最後一句她還用了一個問句,使文章更顯得有趣味性。後來我問這名學生,你怎麼想到用一個問句來結尾的?她說:「我看了一篇英語短文上就這樣寫的.......」我想,如果我不布置這篇寫作的練習,也許她就不會去閱讀先關的文章。可以說寫作訓練也讓部分孩子拓展了他們的學習渠道,從而更主動地去學習英語。
3、五年級——改編對話
經歷了三、四年級的句子訓練,五年級的教材內容主要以對話出現,同時每篇對話前面還有一個交代背景的引言。我們在教學的時候可以依託引言,進行對話改編練習。在課文學完後,給學生一些重點詞句,讓學生根據這些重點詞句進行對話的改編。這個作業的設計可以分層進行:對於基礎薄弱的學生可以是完成課文內容填空,這樣相對來說降低了難度。而對於一些語言掌握比較扎實的學生,可以是在課文的基礎上進行改編,用第一人稱或第三人稱進行轉述。如在教完At the weekends一課後,可以讓學生用第三人稱介紹課文中的任務的假日活動;或者老師也可以提出更高要求:寫一些自己和好朋友或家人的假日活動。
4、六年級——素材重組
到了六年級,學生相對來說詞彙已經比較豐富,學過的話題也比較多。這個時候老師可以結合每個單元的主題,有針對性地設計一些作文的練習。如6A Ben's birthday 學完後,可以讓學生寫My birthday. 第六單元Holidays學完後,可以寫My favourite holiday.我曾經讓學生以這個為主題寫過短文。有一個同學大約寫了有200個詞,高考的要求也不過如此。而且該生寫得相當生動。不僅將這個單元的句型運用其中,更是綜合了三、四、五年級的相關內容。如I usually do...on that day. My father likes doing.... 文章的最後她還用感嘆句來抒發了一下感情:How happy we are on that day!
在這一系列有層次的訓練中,學生的語言水平提升很快。而且學生為了寫得更好,會主動閱讀一些英語讀物。對於一些英語水平本就比較高的學生來說,更是讓他們得到了提升的空間。
二、多途徑扎實訓練
1、同義句轉換訓練。在小學生的英語作文中,句型單調重復是一個普遍現象。小學高年級學生已經學習了一定數量的句型,進行同義句轉換訓練的時機也已經比較成熟。比如,『My favorite class is English.』可以用『I like English best.』轉換,『I』m going to take a bus to Shanghai.』可以用『I』m going to Shanghai by bus.』轉換,等等。
2、中英文互譯。雖然我們提倡學生寫作時用英語思維進行表達,但是受到母語思維的影響和干擾,所以在學生作文中出現的所謂「中國式英語」還是很多的,這是一個現實問題。比如,學生常把「我喜歡的食物是麵包。」翻譯為「I like the food is bread.」,把「我有時和媽媽一起購物。」翻譯為「I sometimes with mother together go shopping.」等等。面對這樣的問題,除了繼續大力培養英語思維外,對學生進行適當的中英文互譯訓練是有益處的,能讓學生更好地理解母語和英語在表達方式上的差異,從而更好地用英語表達。
3.看圖寫話式寫作訓練
這種方式,中文課上經常用,可以拿來主義用在英語課上。教師出示與所教課文有關的單詞圖片和任務對話掛圖,讓學生發揮想像寫成短文並在班級交流。如筆者教5Aunit 9 Shapes 這篇課文後,老師出示了一些圖,全由圖形組成(汽車,木頭人等)讓學生運用課文上所學的內容寫一段話,學生能把抽象的圖形綜合運用,並自如的運用了課文句型What shape is it?It』s a ….The nose is a…The head is a…
4.連環畫式寫作訓練
小學生最愛看幽默的圖畫,或有連續性的故事連載,教師可巧妙地把每篇課文的小短文Reading PartE部分改成連環畫式的插圖,讓學生在會讀的基礎上,給連環畫配英文註解,這是非常受學生喜歡的一種方式。如筆者在教6Aunit 1 Mr Smith takes a walk in the park 這篇小短文時,機械性教學跟讀學生並不積極參與,老師把這段改成連環畫式插圖,讓學生用英語作備注,學生大多都能進入故事情節中,自然而然地把這篇小短文的重點難點掌握了。這種方式又稱為插圖式寫作。
5、半框架式寫作訓練
這種方式稱為大綱式寫作,常常用於概括課文中的重點情節。如筆者教5AUnit 3時課文中出現了許多學生以及他們的愛好,學生讀完課文後,筆者安排如下框架讓學生完成小作:Ben』s hobby is________.His brother』s hobby is _____________.He likes________ stamps. Yang Ling likes__________.But Helen likes__________.Mike likes________They have good hobbies.這種寫作在課上就能完成。更有利於鞏固課文。
6、閱讀式寫作訓練
小學高年級段的學生要有一定的閱讀能力,但是小學生的閱讀材料選擇有點難,很多學生反映買了課外讀物看不懂。其實教師可利用學生寫的內容,作為校本課程,互相傳閱並幫助修改。這種方式比純粹修改病句好多了,所以又稱修改式寫作。
7、聽寫式寫作訓練
6A和6B安排有聽力訓練(Part D)學生聽完後填詞,並不能完全聽懂這一段,學生可以在老師講解幫助的基礎上完成聽力小短文的寫作,同樣每個單元的歌曲,有些老師並不教,其實老師可以和學生唱歌,並讓學生填歌詞,有些學生喜歡流行歌曲,老師就和他們一起欣賞和演唱,熟練時,學生填歌詞,如《take me to your heart》 《big big world》《I wish you merry Christmas》等。
8、採用案例分析,及時糾正語言錯誤。
學生的作文中出現錯誤是難免的,應該允許學生在作文中犯錯,關鍵是讓學生學會從錯誤中學習。對於學生作文中的錯誤,應該指出並及時糾正,給學生一個正確的語言規范。在實際教學中,我經常結合具有典型錯誤的學生作文案例進行分析,及時糾正。下面這篇作文是學生的原文,裡面劃線部分的錯誤是典型的,有標點使用錯誤,有大小寫錯誤,有用詞錯誤,有動詞時態錯誤,有動詞語態錯誤,有單復數錯誤,還有句子結構錯誤等。
實踐證明,反復指出並及時糾正學生作文中的語言錯誤,有利於減少學生作文中的錯誤,更有利於學生形成正確的語言規范。
三、巧評價,激發學生的寫作內驅力。
要激發學生寫作的興趣,增強學生寫作的自信心,不斷提高學生的寫作能力,讓學生體驗寫作的快樂感與成功感,就需要教師合理地運用評價方法,充分發揮評價的導向、激勵、調節等功能,激活學生的寫作內驅力。在寫作教學中,我主要採用了以下三種方法:第一,展示學生作品。定期把所任教班級中的優秀作文列印出來,並裝訂成作文選,每位學生一本,要求學生認真閱讀同學的作文,也要求學生帶回家與父母分享。第二,評選寫作優秀之星和寫作進步之星。對學生的每次作文進行等級評定,根據評定的等級評選出一定數量的寫作優秀之星和寫作進步之星,並把結果公布在英語家校聯系單。第三,英語測試增加「作文」項目,並且作為基本題出現。以前的英語測試卷上沒有「作文」項目,或是僅把「作文」作為附加題,這樣的試卷沒有給學生一個明確的寫作上的評價導向,或者說是評價的隨意性比較大,這樣就導致學生在思想上不重視寫作,也導致學生的寫作能力發展滯後。
小學生英語寫作能力的培養不是一蹴而就的,需要教師堅持不懈地用心培養,需要教師採用合理、有效的寫作訓練策略,包括教材資源的開發利用,語言輸入與輸出並舉,開展寫作基礎訓練,改變學習方式和評價的介入等。筆者以為,只要教師堅持長期進行寫作訓練,不斷創新寫作訓練策略,小學高年級學生的寫作能力必定會有一個質的飛躍。
F. 翻譯幾種課程
綜合實來踐 Comprehensive Practice
班會源(隊日活動) Class Meeting (Young Pioneer's Day activity)
校本課程 School Courses
健康教育 Health Ecation
閱讀指導 Reading Guidance
維揚文化 Cultural Ecation
how about this one?
G. 英語翻譯 校本課程 英文翻譯
思想品德:Moral Ecation
校本:school-based
校本課程:school-based curriculum
H. 翻譯英文 心理課 禮儀課 校本課 班會
Psychology class
Etiquette class
School-based course
Class meeting